Trench warfare was a prominent feature of WWI, characterised by soldiers fighting from long, narrow ditches or "trenches". This form of warfare emerged as a response to the high casualties and stalemates that resulted from more traditional battlefield tactics. Below, I explore how trench warfare started and why it became the dominant strategy on the Western Front.
How Trench Warfare Started
Trench warfare began in 1914, following the failure of the Schlieffen Plan and the resulting stalemate on the Western Front. The plan that aimed for a quick victory by invading France through Belgium, failed due to strong resistance and the rapid mobilisation of Allied forces, this led to both sides digging in to fortify their positions, resulting in an extensive network of trenches stretching from the North Sea to Switzerland.
Early trench systems were rudimentary but evolved rapidly to incorporate more complex features as the war progressed. The static nature of trench warfare led to a war of attrition, where gaining a few hundred meters could take months and cost thousands of lives.
Why Trench Warfare Was Used
Trench warfare was primarily used as a defensive measure. The development of powerful artillery and machine guns made offensive assaults extremely pricey. Trenches provided a somewhat safe position where soldiers could defend against enemy attacks while minimising exposure to these new weapons. Additionally, the wet and muddy conditions of the trenches made them a necessary evil in the face of harsh weather and constant bombardments.
Trenches also allowed for better logistical support and protection from enemy artillery, which was vital in a war made up of long, drawn-out battles with very high casualty rates. The nature of trench warfare led to a stalemate, with both sides struggling to break through entrenched positions.
Conclusion
Trench warfare was a major part of WWI, shaping the nature of the conflict and influencing military tactics for years to come. The slow nature of trench warfare, combined with the technological advancements of the time, created a brutal and gruelling environment for soldiers, leading to significant psychological and physical tolls.